【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodsforLiquidLimit,PlasticLimit,andPlasticityIndexofSoils
【原文标准名称】:土壤液体极限、塑性极限和塑性指数的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD4318-2005
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2005
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D18.03
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:建筑;施工材料;极限尺寸;塑性指数(土壤);土壤;试验
【英文主题词】:activity;Atterberglimits;liquidlimit;plasticityindex;plasticlimit
【摘要】:Thesetestmethodsareusedasanintegralpartofseveralengineeringclassificationsystemstocharacterizethefine-grainedfractionsofsoils(seePracticesD2487andD3282)andtospecifythefine-grainedfractionofconstructionmaterials(seeSpecificationD1241).Theliquidlimit,plasticlimit,andplasticityindexofsoilsarealsousedextensively,eitherindividuallyortogether,withothersoilpropertiestocorrelatewithengineeringbehaviorsuchascompressibility,hydraulicconductivity(permeability),compactibility,shrink-swell,andshearstrength.Theliquidandplasticlimitsofasoilanditswatercontentcanbeusedtoexpressitsrelativeconsistencyorliquidityindex.Inaddition,theplasticityindexandthepercentagefinerthan2-x03BC;mparticlesizecanbeusedtodetermineitsactivitynumber.Thesemethodsaresometimesusedtoevaluatetheweatheringcharacteristicsofclay-shalematerials.Whensubjectedtorepeatedwettinganddryingcycles,theliquidlimitsofthesematerialstendtoincrease.Theamountofincreaseisconsideredtobeameasureofashale’susceptibilitytoweathering.Theliquidlimitofasoilcontainingsubstantialamountsoforganicmatterdecreasesdramaticallywhenthesoilisoven-driedbeforetesting.Comparisonoftheliquidlimitofasamplebeforeandafteroven-dryingcanthereforebeusedasaqualitativemeasureoforganicmattercontentofasoil(seePracticeD2487).Note18212;Thequalityoftheresultproducedbythisstandardisdependentonthecompetenceofthepersonnelperformingitandthesuitabilityoftheequipmentandfacilitiesused.AgenciesthatmeetthecriteriaofPracticeD3740,generally,areconsideredcapableofcompetentandobjectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc.UsersofthisstandardarecautionedthatcompliancewithPracticeD3740doesnotinitselfassurereliableresults.Reliableresultsdependonmanyfactors;PracticeD3740providesameansofevaluatingsomeofthosefactors.1.1Thesetestmethodscoverthedeterminationoftheliquidlimit,plasticlimit,andtheplasticityindexofsoilsasdefinedinSectiononTerminology.1.2Twomethodsforpreparingtestspecimensareprovidedasfollows:Wetpreparationmethod,asdescribedin.Drypreparationmethod,asdescribedin.Themethodtobeusedshallbespecifiedbytherequestingauthority.Ifnomethodisspecified,usethewetpreparationmethod.1.2.1Theliquidandplasticlimitsofmanysoilsthathavebeenallowedtodrybeforetestingmaybeconsiderablydifferentfromvaluesobtainedonnon-driedsamples.Iftheliquidandplasticlimitsofsoilsareusedtocorrelateorestimatetheengineeringbehaviorofsoilsintheirnaturalmoiststate,samplesshouldnotbepermittedtodrybeforetestingunlessdataondriedsamplesarespecificallydesired.1.3Twomethodsfordeterminingtheliquidlimitareprovidedasfollows:MethodA,MultipointtestasdescribedinSections.MethodB,One-pointtestasdescribedinSections.Themethodtobeusedshallbespecifiedbytherequestingauthority.Ifnomethodisspecified,useMethodA.1.3.1Themultipointliquidlimitmethodisgenerallymoreprecisethantheone-pointmethod.Itisrecommendedthatthemultipointmethodbeusedincaseswheretestresultsmaybesubjecttodispute,orwheregreaterprecisionisrequired.1.3.2Becausetheone-pointmethodrequirestheoperatortojudgewhenthetestspecimenisapproximatelyatitsliquidlimit,itisparticularlynotrecommendedforusebyinexperiencedoperat......
【中国标准分类号】:B10
【国际标准分类号】:93_020
【页数】:16P.;A4
【正文语种】:


【英文标准名称】:Informationtechnology-Opensystemsinterconnection-Genericupperlayerssecurity-Overview,modelsandnotation
【原文标准名称】:信息技术.开放式系统互连.一般上层安全性.综述、模型和表示法
【标准号】:BSISO/IEC11586-1-1996
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:英国
【发布日期】:1996-11-15
【实施或试行日期】:1996-11-15
【发布单位】:英国标准学会(GB-BSI)
【起草单位】:BSI
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:译码;数据传输;句法;开放系统互连;编码(数据转换);对话层;数据处理;数据布置;表示层;流程图;应用层(开放系统互连);数据;数据传送;信息交流;合格;数据安全;安全措施;通信规程
【英文主题词】:Applicationlayer;Communicationprocedures;Dataprocessing;Definitions;Informationinterchange;Informationtechnology;Models;Networkinterconnection;Notation;Opensystemsinterconnection;OSI;Overviews;Safeguardingtechniques
【摘要】:1ThisseriesofRecommendations|InternationalStandardsdefinesasetofgenericfacilitiestoassistintheprovisionofsecurityservicesinOSIapplications.Theseinclude:a)asetofnotationaltoolstosupportthespecificationofselectivefieldprotectionrequirementsinanabstractsyntaxspecification,andtosupportthespecificationofsecurityexchangesandsecuritytransformations;b)aservicedefinition,protocolspecificationandPICSproformaforanapplication-service-element(ASE)tosupporttheprovisionofsecurityserviceswithintheApplicationLayerofOSI;c)aspecificationandPICSproformaforasecuritytransfersyntax,associatedwithPresentationLayersupportforsecurityservicesintheApplicationLayer.2ThisRecommendation|InternationalStandarddefinesthefollowing:a)generalmodelsofsecurityexchangeprotocolfunctionsandsecuritytransformations,basedontheconceptsdescribedintheOSIUpperLayersSecurityModel(ITU-TRec.X.803|ISO/EC10745);b)asetofnotationaltoolstosupportthespecificationofselectivefieldprotectionrequirementsinanabstractsyntaxspecification,andtosupportthespecificationofsecurityexchangesandsecuritytransformations;c)asetofinformativeguidelinesastotheapplicationofthegenericupperlayerssecurityfacilitiescoveredbythisseriesofRecommendations|InternationalStandards.3ThisRecommendation|InternationalStandarddoesnotdefinethefollowing:a)acompletesetofupperlayersecurityfacilitieswhichmayberequiredbyotherRecommendations|InternationalStandards;b)acompletesetofsecurityfacilitiesforspecificapplications;c)themechanismsemployedtosupportsecurityservices.4Thesecurityexchangemodel,andsupportingnotation,areintendedbothforuseasthebasisofdefiningthesecurityexchangeserviceelementinsubsequentpartsofthisseriesofRecommendations|InternationalStandards,andforusebyanyotherASEwhichmayimportsecurityexchangesintoitsownspecification.
【中国标准分类号】:L79
【国际标准分类号】:35_100_70
【页数】:62P;A4
【正文语种】:英语